Disaster Awareness Centre Kashmir, is
a core group initiated by esro Kashmir Environment Node in
association with International Disaster Mitigation Centre to enhance
the capabilities of the community for disaster Awareness. DAC is to
produce manuals and guidelines; formulate policy and disaster
Awareness strategy proposals to reduce death and sufferings due to
earthquakes and other natural hazards in the world's most vulnerable
regional (Kashmir) through advocacy, preparedness, prevention and
mitigation.
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS AND DISASTERS
EARTHQUAKE
-
is a series of underground shock waves and movements on the earth’s
surface caused by natural processes writhing the earths crust.
ONSET TYPE AND
WARNING
: Earthquake is a sudden onset hazard. They occur at any time of
year, day or night, with sudden impact and without any warning sign.
Extensive research has been conducted in recent decades but there is
no accepted method of earthquake prediction as on date.
ELEMENTS AT RISK
:
Several key factors that contribute to vulnerability of human
populations to earthquakes: Location of settlements in an earthquake
prone area, especially on soft ground, on area prone to landslides
or along fault lines. Dense collection of weak buildings with high
occupancy. Non-engineered buildings constructed by earth, rubble,
buildings with heavy roofs (more vulnerable than light weight
structures), poor quality and maintenance of buildings Weak or
flexible storey intending for parking purposes.
INDIAN
EARTHQUAKES :
The Indian subcontinent lies upon the Indian Plate. This plate is
moving northward at about 5 centimeters per year and in doing so,
collides with the Eurasian Plate. Upon the Eurasian Plate lie the
Tibet plateau & Central Asia. Due to this collision, the Himalayas
are thrust higher and very many earthquakes are generated in the
process. This is the cause of earthquakes from the Himalayas to the
Arakan Yoma The same process, results in earthquakes in the Andaman
& Nicobar Islands. Sometimes earthquakes of different magnitudes
occur within the Indian Plate, in the peninsula and in adjoining
parts of the Arabian Sea or the Bay of Bengal. These arise due to
localized systems of forces in the crust sometimes associated with
ancient geological structures such as in the Rann of Kachchh. All
earthquakes in peninsula India falls within this category. The
state of Jammu & Kashmir is the western most extension of the
Himalayan mountain range in India. Here it comprises of the Pir
Panjal, Zaskar, Karakoram and Ladakh ranges. The boundary of the
Punjab plain and the mountains forms the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFF),
which in this area is the Murree Thrust. The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)
underlies the Pir Panjal Range and is known as the Pir Panjal Thrust
in the region. The Zaskar range which are part of the Great
Himalayan range are underlain by the Zaskar Thrust. The Kashmir
Valley lies between the Pir Panjal and the Zaskar thrusts, making it
very vulnerable to earthquakes. Other northern parts of Jammu &
Kashmir are heavily faulted. Along the Zaskar and the Ladakh ranges
runs a NW-SE trending strike-slip fault, the longest in the Jammu &
Kashmir area. Apart from the routine shaking of small tremors
moderate to large earthquakes have hit nearly all parts of the
state.
Kashmir North and Kashmir South districts particularly Srinagar Mega
City lie in Zone V. Gilgit, Chilas, Gilgit Wazarat, Muzaffarabad,
Punch, Anantnag, Mirpur, Riasi, Udhampur, Jammu, Kathua, Leh, Ladakh
and Tribal Territory districts lie in Zone IV.
The GSHAP gave only the Indus Valley in the northern part of the
state a maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.16g to 0.32g.
The rest of the state could expect a
1
Fragile Kashmir Let the Fact Speaks Itself
70% of
the land mass susceptible to seismic hazard damage (Moderate,
High and Very High Zone) . Kashmir North and Kashmir South
districts particularly Srinagar Mega City lie in Zone V.
Gilgit Wazarat, Muzaffarabad, Punch, Anantnag, Mirpur, Riasi,
Udhampur, Jammu, Kathua, Leh, Ladakh districts lie in Zone
IV.
12 Earthquake with magnitude more than 6 were experienced along
this plate.
Remember
To live in safety one should follow the following rules.
Brick buildings should not exceed 9 metres in height.
There should not have window opening exceeding 33 per
cent of the wall area.
There should be tie at the plinth level, lintel level and under
the roof slab.
There should be no cantilever or protruding windows or veranda.
Domes and arches are more liable to collapse.
It is wise to build a two-storied house and if more stories are
required then go for an RCC framed building designed and built
as per building codes.
esro DAC Kashmir ..always with you
maximum PGA
of 0.24g to 0.4g.
HAZARD ZONES :
As per the latest seismic zoning map of India the country is divided
into four Seismic Zones. Zone V the area of Very High Risk Zone,
Zone IV area of High Risk , Zone III the region of Moderate Risk
Zone and Zone II the region of Low risk Zone. Zone V is the most
vulnerable to earthquakes, where historically some of the country's
most powerful shock has occurred. eographically this zone includes
the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, all of North-Eastern India, parts of
north-western Bihar, eastern sections of Uttaranchal, the Kangra
Valley in Himachal Pradesh, near the Srinagar area in Jammu &
Kashmir and the Rann of Kutchh in Gujarat. Earthquakes with
magnitudes in excess of 7.0 have occurred in these areas, and have
had intensities higher than IX. Much of India lies in Zone III,
where a maximum intensity of VII can be expected. New Delhi lies in
Zone IV whereas Mumbai and Chennai lie in Zone III. All states and
UTs across the country have experienced earthquakes.
Measuring the Size of an
Earthquake - MSK 64 Intensity Scale Indian Seismic Code
Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual shaking at a
location during an earthquake, and s notated in a roman capital
numeral. The MSK (Medvedev, Sponheuer and Karnik) scale is ore
convenient for application in field and is widely used in India. The
zoning criterion of the map is based on likely intensity. The scale
range from I (least perceptive) to XII (most severe).
The intensity scales are based on three features of shaking –
perception by people, performance of buildings, and changes to
natural surroundings. The seismic zoning map broadly classifies
India into zones where one can expect earthquake shaking of the more
or less the same maximum intensity. The shaking intensity associated
with different zones is shown below:
a) Type of
Structures (Buildings)
Type A -
Building in field-stone, rural structures, unburnt-brick houses,
clay houses. Type B -
Ordinary brick buildings, buildings of large block and prefabricated
type, half timbered structures, buildings in natural hewn stone. Type C -
Reinforced buildings, well built wooden structures.
b) Definition of Quantity
Single :
Few - About 5 percent Many :
About 50 percent Most : About
75 percent
Classification of Damage to buildings
Grade 1 ;
Slight damage - Fine cracks in plaster; fall of small pieces of
plaster Grade 2 ;
Moderate damage - Small cracks in walls; fall of fairly larger
pieces of plaster; pantiles slip off; cracks in chimneys parts of
chimney fall down. Grade 3 ;
Heavy damage - Large and deep cracks in walls; fall of chimneys. Grade 4 ;
Destruction - Gaps in walls; parts of buildings may collapse;
separate parts of the buildings lose their cohesion; and inner walls
collapse. Grade 5 ;
Total damage - Total collapse of the buildings
VI Frightening
i) Felt by most indoors and outdoors. Many people in buildings are
frightened and run outdoors. Few persons loose their balance.
Domestic animals rum out of their stalls. In many instances, dishes
and glassware may break, and books fall down, pictures move, and
unstable objects overturn. Heavy furniture may possibly move and
small steeple bells may ring.
ii) Damage of Grade 1*** is sustained in single** buildings of Type
B* and in many** of Type A*. Damage in some buildings of Type A is
of Grade 2***.
iii) Cracks up to widths of 1cm possible in wet ground; in mountains
occasional landslips: change in flow of springs and in level of well
water are observed.
VII Damage of
Buildings
i) Most people are frightened and run outdoors. Many find it
difficult to stand. The vibration is noticed by persons driving
motor cars. Large bells ring.
ii) In many buildings of Type C* damage of Grade 1 is caused; in
many buildings of Type B damage is of Grade 2. Most** buildings of
Type A suffer damage of Grade 3***, few of Grade 4***. In single
instances, landslides of roadway on steep slopes: crack in roads;
seams of pipelines damaged; cracks in stone walls.
iii) Waves are formed on water, and is made turbid by mud stirred
up. Water levels in wells change, and the flow of springs changes.
Some times dry springs have their flow resorted and existing springs
stop flowing. In isolated instances parts of sand and gravelly banks
slip off.
VIII Destruction
of buildings
i) Fright and panic; also persons driving motor cars are disturbed,
Here and there branches of trees break off. Even heavy furniture
moves and partly overturns. Hanging lamps are damaged in part.
ii) Most buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 2, and few of
Grade 3, Most buildings of Type B suffer damage of Grade 3. Most
buildings of Type A suffer damage of Grade 4. Occasional breaking of
pipe seams. Memorials and monuments move and twist. Tombstones
overturn. Stone walls collapse.
iii) Small landslips in hollows and on banked roads on steep slopes;
cracks in ground up to widths of several centimeters. Water in lakes
becomes turbid. New reservoirs come into existence. Dry wells refill
and existing .
IX General
damage of buildings
i) General panic; considerable damage to furniture. Animals run to
and fro in confusion, and cry.
ii) Many buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 3, and a few of
Grade 4. Many buildings of Type B show a damage of Grade 4 and a few
of Grade 5. Many buildings of Type A suffer damage of Grade 5.
Monuments and columns fall. Considerable damage to reservoirs;
underground pipes partly broken. In individual cases, railway lines
are bent and roadway damaged.
iii) On flat land overflow of water, sand and mud is often observed.
Ground cracks to widths of up to 10 cm, on slopes and river banks
more than 10 cm. Further more, a large number of slight cracks in
ground; falls of rock, many land slides and earth flows; large waves
in water. Dry wells renew their flow and existing wells dry up.
X Destruction and XI
Landscape Changes
TYPICAL EFFECTS
Physical Damage – damage or loss of buildings and service
structures. Fires, floods due to dam failures, landslides could
occur.
Casualties – often high, near to the epicenter and in places where
the population density is high (say, multistoried buildings) and
structures are not resistant to earthquake forces.
Public health – multiple fracture injuries, moderately and severely
injured is the most widespread problem, breakdown in sanitary
conditions and large number of casualties could lead to epidemics.
Water supply – severe problems due to failure of the water supply
distribution network and storage reservoirs. Fire hydrants supply
lines if vulnerable could hamper fire service operations.
Transport network – severely affected due to failure of roads and
bridges, railway tracks, failure of airport runways and related
infrastructure.
Electricity and Communication – all links affected. Transmission
towers, transponders, transformers collapse.
COMMUNITY BASED MITIGATION :
Community
preparedness along with public education is vital for mitigating the
earthquake impact. Earthquake drills and Public awareness programme.
Community based Earthquake Risk Management Project should be
developed and sustainable programmes launched. Retrofitting of
schools and important buildings, purchase of emergency response
equipment and facilities, establishing proper insurance can be the
programmes under Earthquake Risk Management Project. A large number
of local masons and engineers will be trained in disaster resistant
construction techniques.
DAC
KASHMIR PROJECTS & MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
We at esro are committed to assist the disaster victims ( Kashmir
Earthquake 2005 ) to raise Engineered structures (designed and
built) to withstand ground shaking. Architectural and engineering
inputs are being put together to improve building design and
construction practice. We are already working towards developing
updated Disaster Zonation of Kashmir Valley and under the programme
now Soil Zonation will be developed after gathering proper
scientific analysis of soil type .
To accommodate on weak soils adopt safety measures in design will be
available very soon .
Note:
Buildings built on soft soils are more likely to get damaged even if
the earthquake is not particularly strong in magnitude. Similar
problem persists in the alluvial plains like of ours and conditions
across the river banks of Jhelum . Heavy damages are concentrated
when ground is soft. We will further advocate and ensure that
Standard Codes for construction of buildings is maintained and
Enforcement of the Byelaws including Land use control and
restriction on density and heights of buildings . We are currently
percueing the administration to Strengthen the important lifeline
buildings which need to be functional after a disaster. Upgrade
level of safety of hospital, fire service buildings etc. Public
awareness, sensitization and training programmes for Architects,
Builders, Contractors, Designers, Engineers, Financiers, Government
functionaries, House owners, Masons etc. Reduce possible damages
from secondary effects such as like fire, floods, landslides etc.
e.g. identify potential landslide sites and restrict construction in
those areas has already in action .
At esro , we are working to locate areas prone to slope failures or
simply hazard mapping. This will permit to identify avoidance of
areas for building settlements. These maps will serve as a tool for
mitigation planning.
eIEN South Asia
Western Himalaya Kashmir
DAC KASHMIR
seeking human survival through preparedness ..
esrokashmir.org
HOME
Welcome at
DAC
eIEN South Asia
Western Himalaya Kashmir
Disaster Awareness Centre Kashmir, is a core group initiated by esro Kashmir Environment Node in association with International Disaster Mitigation Centre to enhance the capabilities of the community for disaster Awareness. DAC is to produce manuals and guidelines; formulate policy and disaster Awareness strategy proposals to reduce death and sufferings due to earthquakes and other natural hazards in the world's most vulnerable regional (Kashmir) through advocacy, preparedness, prevention and mitigation.
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS AND DISASTERS
EARTHQUAKE - is a series of underground shock waves and movements on the earth’s surface caused by natural processes writhing the earths crust.
ONSET TYPE AND WARNING : Earthquake is a sudden onset hazard. They occur at any time of year, day or night, with sudden impact and without any warning sign. Extensive research has been conducted in recent decades but there is no accepted method of earthquake prediction as on date.
ELEMENTS AT RISK : Several key factors that contribute to vulnerability of human populations to earthquakes: Location of settlements in an earthquake prone area, especially on soft ground, on area prone to landslides or along fault lines. Dense collection of weak buildings with high occupancy. Non-engineered buildings constructed by earth, rubble, buildings with heavy roofs (more vulnerable than light weight structures), poor quality and maintenance of buildings Weak or flexible storey intending for parking purposes.
INDIAN EARTHQUAKES : The Indian subcontinent lies upon the Indian Plate. This plate is moving northward at about 5 centimeters per year and in doing so, collides with the Eurasian Plate. Upon the Eurasian Plate lie the Tibet plateau & Central Asia. Due to this collision, the Himalayas are thrust higher and very many earthquakes are generated in the process. This is the cause of earthquakes from the Himalayas to the Arakan Yoma The same process, results in earthquakes in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Sometimes earthquakes of different magnitudes occur within the Indian Plate, in the peninsula and in adjoining parts of the Arabian Sea or the Bay of Bengal. These arise due to localized systems of forces in the crust sometimes associated with ancient geological structures such as in the Rann of Kachchh. All earthquakes in peninsula India falls within this category. The state of Jammu & Kashmir is the western most extension of the Himalayan mountain range in India. Here it comprises of the Pir Panjal, Zaskar, Karakoram and Ladakh ranges. The boundary of the Punjab plain and the mountains forms the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFF), which in this area is the Murree Thrust. The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) underlies the Pir Panjal Range and is known as the Pir Panjal Thrust in the region. The Zaskar range which are part of the Great Himalayan range are underlain by the Zaskar Thrust. The Kashmir Valley lies between the Pir Panjal and the Zaskar thrusts, making it very vulnerable to earthquakes. Other northern parts of Jammu & Kashmir are heavily faulted. Along the Zaskar and the Ladakh ranges runs a NW-SE trending strike-slip fault, the longest in the Jammu & Kashmir area. Apart from the routine shaking of small tremors moderate to large earthquakes have hit nearly all parts of the state.
Kashmir North and Kashmir South districts particularly Srinagar Mega City lie in Zone V. Gilgit, Chilas, Gilgit Wazarat, Muzaffarabad, Punch, Anantnag, Mirpur, Riasi, Udhampur, Jammu, Kathua, Leh, Ladakh and Tribal Territory districts lie in Zone IV.
The GSHAP gave only the Indus Valley in the northern part of the state a maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.16g to 0.32g. The rest of the state could expect a
Fragile Kashmir Let the Fact Speaks Itself
70% of the land mass susceptible to seismic hazard damage (Moderate, High and Very High Zone) . Kashmir North and Kashmir South districts particularly Srinagar Mega City lie in Zone V. Gilgit Wazarat, Muzaffarabad, Punch, Anantnag, Mirpur, Riasi, Udhampur, Jammu, Kathua, Leh, Ladakh districts lie in Zone IV. 12 Earthquake with magnitude more than 6 were experienced along this plate.Remember To live in safety one should follow the following rules.
Brick buildings should not exceed 9 metres in height.
There should not have window opening exceeding 33 per cent of the wall area.
There should be tie at the plinth level, lintel level and under the roof slab.
There should be no cantilever or protruding windows or veranda.
Domes and arches are more liable to collapse.
It is wise to build a two-storied house and if more stories are required then go for an RCC framed building designed and built as per building codes.
esro DAC Kashmir ..always with you
maximum PGA of 0.24g to 0.4g.
HAZARD ZONES : As per the latest seismic zoning map of India the country is divided into four Seismic Zones. Zone V the area of Very High Risk Zone, Zone IV area of High Risk , Zone III the region of Moderate Risk Zone and Zone II the region of Low risk Zone. Zone V is the most vulnerable to earthquakes, where historically some of the country's most powerful shock has occurred. eographically this zone includes the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, all of North-Eastern India, parts of north-western Bihar, eastern sections of Uttaranchal, the Kangra Valley in Himachal Pradesh, near the Srinagar area in Jammu & Kashmir and the Rann of Kutchh in Gujarat. Earthquakes with magnitudes in excess of 7.0 have occurred in these areas, and have had intensities higher than IX. Much of India lies in Zone III, where a maximum intensity of VII can be expected. New Delhi lies in Zone IV whereas Mumbai and Chennai lie in Zone III. All states and UTs across the country have experienced earthquakes.
Measuring the Size of an Earthquake - MSK 64 Intensity Scale Indian Seismic Code
Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual shaking at a location during an earthquake, and s notated in a roman capital numeral. The MSK (Medvedev, Sponheuer and Karnik) scale is ore convenient for application in field and is widely used in India. The zoning criterion of the map is based on likely intensity. The scale range from I (least perceptive) to XII (most severe).
The intensity scales are based on three features of shaking – perception by people, performance of buildings, and changes to natural surroundings. The seismic zoning map broadly classifies India into zones where one can expect earthquake shaking of the more or less the same maximum intensity. The shaking intensity associated with different zones is shown below:
a) Type of Structures (Buildings)
Type A - Building in field-stone, rural structures, unburnt-brick houses, clay houses.
Type B - Ordinary brick buildings, buildings of large block and prefabricated type, half timbered structures, buildings in natural hewn stone.
Type C - Reinforced buildings, well built wooden structures.
b) Definition of Quantity
Single : Few - About 5 percent
Many : About 50 percent
Most : About 75 percent
Classification of Damage to buildings
Grade 1 ; Slight damage - Fine cracks in plaster; fall of small pieces of plaster
Grade 2 ; Moderate damage - Small cracks in walls; fall of fairly larger pieces of plaster; pantiles slip off; cracks in chimneys parts of chimney fall down.
Grade 3 ; Heavy damage - Large and deep cracks in walls; fall of chimneys.
Grade 4 ; Destruction - Gaps in walls; parts of buildings may collapse; separate parts of the buildings lose their cohesion; and inner walls collapse.
Grade 5 ; Total damage - Total collapse of the buildings
VI Frightening
i) Felt by most indoors and outdoors. Many people in buildings are frightened and run outdoors. Few persons loose their balance. Domestic animals rum out of their stalls. In many instances, dishes and glassware may break, and books fall down, pictures move, and unstable objects overturn. Heavy furniture may possibly move and small steeple bells may ring.
ii) Damage of Grade 1*** is sustained in single** buildings of Type B* and in many** of Type A*. Damage in some buildings of Type A is of Grade 2***.
iii) Cracks up to widths of 1cm possible in wet ground; in mountains occasional landslips: change in flow of springs and in level of well water are observed.
VII Damage of Buildings
i) Most people are frightened and run outdoors. Many find it difficult to stand. The vibration is noticed by persons driving motor cars. Large bells ring.
ii) In many buildings of Type C* damage of Grade 1 is caused; in many buildings of Type B damage is of Grade 2. Most** buildings of Type A suffer damage of Grade 3***, few of Grade 4***. In single instances, landslides of roadway on steep slopes: crack in roads; seams of pipelines damaged; cracks in stone walls.
iii) Waves are formed on water, and is made turbid by mud stirred up. Water levels in wells change, and the flow of springs changes. Some times dry springs have their flow resorted and existing springs stop flowing. In isolated instances parts of sand and gravelly banks slip off.
VIII Destruction of buildings
i) Fright and panic; also persons driving motor cars are disturbed, Here and there branches of trees break off. Even heavy furniture moves and partly overturns. Hanging lamps are damaged in part.
ii) Most buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 2, and few of Grade 3, Most buildings of Type B suffer damage of Grade 3. Most buildings of Type A suffer damage of Grade 4. Occasional breaking of pipe seams. Memorials and monuments move and twist. Tombstones overturn. Stone walls collapse.
iii) Small landslips in hollows and on banked roads on steep slopes; cracks in ground up to widths of several centimeters. Water in lakes becomes turbid. New reservoirs come into existence. Dry wells refill and existing .
IX General damage of buildings
i) General panic; considerable damage to furniture. Animals run to and fro in confusion, and cry.
ii) Many buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 3, and a few of Grade 4. Many buildings of Type B show a damage of Grade 4 and a few of Grade 5. Many buildings of Type A suffer damage of Grade 5. Monuments and columns fall. Considerable damage to reservoirs; underground pipes partly broken. In individual cases, railway lines are bent and roadway damaged.
iii) On flat land overflow of water, sand and mud is often observed. Ground cracks to widths of up to 10 cm, on slopes and river banks more than 10 cm. Further more, a large number of slight cracks in ground; falls of rock, many land slides and earth flows; large waves in water. Dry wells renew their flow and existing wells dry up.
X Destruction and XI Landscape Changes
TYPICAL EFFECTS
Physical Damage – damage or loss of buildings and service structures. Fires, floods due to dam failures, landslides could occur.
Casualties – often high, near to the epicenter and in places where the population density is high (say, multistoried buildings) and structures are not resistant to earthquake forces.
Public health – multiple fracture injuries, moderately and severely injured is the most widespread problem, breakdown in sanitary conditions and large number of casualties could lead to epidemics.
Water supply – severe problems due to failure of the water supply distribution network and storage reservoirs. Fire hydrants supply lines if vulnerable could hamper fire service operations.
Transport network – severely affected due to failure of roads and bridges, railway tracks, failure of airport runways and related infrastructure.
Electricity and Communication – all links affected. Transmission towers, transponders, transformers collapse.
COMMUNITY BASED MITIGATION :
Community preparedness along with public education is vital for mitigating the earthquake impact. Earthquake drills and Public awareness programme. Community based Earthquake Risk Management Project should be developed and sustainable programmes launched. Retrofitting of schools and important buildings, purchase of emergency response equipment and facilities, establishing proper insurance can be the programmes under Earthquake Risk Management Project. A large number of local masons and engineers will be trained in disaster resistant construction techniques.
DAC KASHMIR PROJECTS & MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
We at esro are committed to assist the disaster victims ( Kashmir Earthquake 2005 ) to raise Engineered structures (designed and built) to withstand ground shaking. Architectural and engineering inputs are being put together to improve building design and construction practice. We are already working towards developing updated Disaster Zonation of Kashmir Valley and under the programme now Soil Zonation will be developed after gathering proper scientific analysis of soil type .
To accommodate on weak soils adopt safety measures in design will be available very soon .
Note: Buildings built on soft soils are more likely to get damaged even if the earthquake is not particularly strong in magnitude. Similar problem persists in the alluvial plains like of ours and conditions across the river banks of Jhelum . Heavy damages are concentrated when ground is soft. We will further advocate and ensure that Standard Codes for construction of buildings is maintained and Enforcement of the Byelaws including Land use control and restriction on density and heights of buildings . We are currently percueing the administration to Strengthen the important lifeline buildings which need to be functional after a disaster. Upgrade level of safety of hospital, fire service buildings etc. Public awareness, sensitization and training programmes for Architects, Builders, Contractors, Designers, Engineers, Financiers, Government functionaries, House owners, Masons etc. Reduce possible damages from secondary effects such as like fire, floods, landslides etc. e.g. identify potential landslide sites and restrict construction in those areas has already in action .
At esro , we are working to locate areas prone to slope failures or simply hazard mapping. This will permit to identify avoidance of areas for building settlements. These maps will serve as a tool for mitigation planning.